Dendroglyphs of the Chatham Islands
History
The dendroglyphs (tree carvings) of the Chatham Islands were first cataloged in depth by Christina Jefferson between 1947 and 1956 at the urging of her advisor at the Canterbury Museum. Jefferson attempted the first complete record of these dwindling artifacts of Morioriculture.
The Moriori were a Polynesian people who migrated to the Chatham Islands sometime before 1500 and adapted a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and a culture unique to the island chain. Part of their culture included the art of momori rakau, or tree-carving, where human or other natural features were portrayed via incisions into the trunks of live kopi (karaka) trees. The purpose of these carvings is unknown, but a popular speculation is that the carvings were to commemorate ancestors or communicate with otherworldly spirits. A substantial number of the dendroglyphs survive in the JM Barker (Hapupu) Historic Reserve, where they are protected from livestock grazing and souvenir hunters. Still, the carvings are being lost to tree growth and weathering, so the record of these artifacts is all that will survive for future generations.
Jefferson's Record
Christina Jefferson began cataloging the dendroglyphs in 1947 and continued writing on the subject until 1956. In this time, she cataloged 450 previously unrecorded glyphs from many different locations on the island and in 1955, she published "The Dendroglyphs of the Chatham Islands" in the Journal of the Polynesian Society. In this paper, she grouped the carvings into four general categories:[1]
- Human figures
- Of the glyphs recorded, these are the most common. Prevailing features include a prominent, heart-shaped head and ribs for the torso. A Kura, a traditional feather headdress adorns the heads of many of the anthropomorphic carvings. These glyphs are thought to be commemorative, though the evidence for this is mostly conjectural and does not explain the prevalence of non-human representations.
- Zoomorphic representations
- Many of the carvings feature either fish or birds. Jefferson suggests the Moriori likened themselves to the birds of the Islands in that they "were always singing" and "lived in the bush". The fish represent a major food source, as agriculture was uncommon on the island. Jefferson speculates that the Moriori respected their source of food, and wished to bestow goodwill by carving them as kinsmen.
- Trees
- The trees of the island were another source of sustenance, so their likenesses were also preserved.
- Weapons and fashioned objects
- Several glyphs feature apparent weapons used for hunting or fruit gathering.
